Volume 12, Issue 5 (Sep-Oct 2018)                   mljgoums 2018, 12(5): 1-9 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Farhadihosseinabadi B, Hosseini F, Larki P, Bagheri N, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi K, Sinehsepehr K, et al . Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management. mljgoums 2018; 12 (5) :1-9
URL: http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-1113-en.html
1- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
3- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
5- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
6- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
7- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
8- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran , Abdollahpour1983@yahoo.com
Abstract:   (11904 Views)
ABSTRACT
          Breast cancer remains the most common cancer of women and one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In spite of major advances in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, the incidence of breast cancer remains high and the treatment of metastatic breast cancer remains challenging. This review presents an overview of breast cancer with a particular focus on its clinical aspects and therapies.
          Keywords: Breast Cancer, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment.
Full-Text [PDF 487 kb]   (1753 Downloads)    
Research Article: Review Article |
Received: 2018/08/13 | Accepted: 2018/08/13 | Published: 2018/08/13 | ePublished: 2018/08/13

References
1. Ogur R. Studies with Myrtus communis L.: Anticancer properties. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 3(4): 135-7. doi: 10.5455/jice.20140803044831. [DOI:10.5455/jice.20140803044831]
2. Papavramidou N, Papavramidis T, Demetriou T. Ancient Greek and Greco-Roman methods in modern surgical treatment of cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010; 17(3): 665-7. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0886-6 [DOI:10.1245/s10434-009-0886-6.]
3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2016; 66(1): 7-30. [DOI:10.3322/caac.21332]
4. GM C. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd ed. 2000.
5. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000; 100(1): 57-70. [DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9]
6. Akram M, Siddiqui SA. Breast cancer management: past, present and evolving. Indian journal of cancer. 2012; 49(3): 277-82. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.104486 [DOI:10.4103/0019-509X.104486.]
7. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015; 136(5): E359-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210. [DOI:10.1002/ijc.29210]
8. McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM. ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer-epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. Bmj. 2000; 321(7261): 624-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7261.624 [DOI:10.1136/bmj.321.7261.624.]
9. Visser O, van der Kooy K, van Peppen AM, Ory FG, van Leeuwen FE. Breast cancer risk among first-generation migrants in the Netherlands. British journal of cancer. 2004; 90(11): 2135-7. [DOI:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601821]
10. Donepudi MS, Kondapalli K, Amos SJ, Venkanteshan P. Breast cancer statistics and markers. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics. 2014; 10(3): 506-11. doi: 10.4103/0973-1482.137927.
11. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2015; 65(2): 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262 [DOI:10.3322/caac.21262.]
12. Enayatrad M, Amoori N, Salehiniya H. Epidemiology and trends in breast cancer mortality in iran. Iranian journal of public health. 2015; 44(3): 430-1.
13. WHO. Cancer IAfRo 2012. Available from: https://www.iarc.fr/.
14. Weigelt B, Horlings HM, Kreike B, Hayes MM, Hauptmann M, Wessels LF, et al. Refinement of breast cancer classification by molecular characterization of histological special types. The Journal of pathology. 2008; 216(2): 141-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2407 [DOI:10.1002/path.2407.]
15. Malhotra GK, Zhao X, Band H, Band V. Histological, molecular and functional subtypes of breast cancers. Cancer biology & therapy. 2010; 10(10): 955-60. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.10.10.13879 [DOI:10.4161/cbt.10.10.13879.]
16. Sinn HP, Kreipe H. A Brief Overview of the WHO Classification of Breast Tumors. 4th ed. Breast care. 2013; 8(2):149-54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350774 [DOI:10.1159/000350774.]
17. McCart Reed AE, Kutasovic JR, Lakhani SR, Simpson PT. Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: morphology, biomarkers and 'omics. Breast cancer research : BCR. 2015; 17(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13058-015-0519-x. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0519-x [DOI:10.1186/s13058-015-0519-x.]
18. Arpino G, Bardou VJ, Clark GM, Elledge RM. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast: tumor characteristics and clinical outcome. Breast cancer research : BCR. 2004; 6(3): R149-56. [DOI:10.1186/bcr767]
19. Singh D, Malila N, Pokhrel A, Anttila A. Association of symptoms and breast cancer in population-based mammography screening in Finland. International journal of cancer. 2015; 136(6): E630-7. [DOI:10.1002/ijc.29170]
20. Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma KK. Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview. Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research. 2010; 1(2): 109-26.
21. Neal L, Tortorelli CL, Nassar A. Clinician's guide to imaging and pathologic findings in benign breast disease. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2010; 85(3): 274-9. [DOI:10.4065/mcp.2009.0656]
22. Jorgensen KJ. Mammography screening. Benefits, harms, and informed choice. Danish medical journal. 2013; 60(4): B4614.
23. Rosenzweig MQ, Gardner D, Griffith B. The History and Physical in Cancer Care: A Primer for the Oncology Advanced Practitioner. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2014; 5(4): 262-8.
24. Salem DS, Kamal RM, Mansour SM, Salah LA, Wessam R. Breast imaging in the young: the role of magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer screening, diagnosis and follow-up. J Thorac Dis. 2013; 5 Suppl 1: S9-S18.
25. Palmer ML, Tsangaris TN. Breast biopsy in women 30 years old or less. American journal of surgery. 1993; 165(6): 708-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80793-7 [DOI:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)80793-7.]
26. Vaidyanathan K, Vasudevan DM. Organ Specific Tumor Markers: What's New? Indian journal of clinical biochemistry: IJCB. 2012; 27(2): 110-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-011-0173-8 [DOI:10.1007/s12291-011-0173-8.]
27. Yersal O, Barutca S. Biological subtypes of breast cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic implications. World journal of clinical oncology. 2014; 5(3): 412-24. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.412 [DOI:10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.412.]
28. Kittaneh M, Montero AJ, Gluck S. Molecular profiling for breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Biomarkers in cancer. 2013; 5: 61-70. https://doi.org/10.4137/BIC.S9455 [DOI:10.4137/BIC.S9455.]
29. Gajdos C, Tartter PI, Bleiweiss IJ, Bodian C, Brower ST. Stage 0 to stage III breast cancer in young women. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2000; 190(5): 523-9. [DOI:10.1016/S1072-7515(00)00257-X]
30. Chen L, Linden HM, Anderson BO, Li CI. Trends in 5-year survival rates among breast cancer patients by hormone receptor status and stage. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014; 147(3): 609-16. [DOI:10.1007/s10549-014-3112-6]
31. McGuire KP, Santillan AA, Kaur P, Meade T, Parbhoo J, Mathias M, et al. Are mastectomies on the rise? A 13-year trend analysis of the selection of mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy in 5865 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009; 16(10): 2682-90. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0635-x [DOI:10.1245/s10434-009-0635-x.]
32. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative G, Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, Taylor C, Arriagada R, et al. Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet. 2011; 378(9804): 1707-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61629-2 [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61629-2.]
33. Mauri D, Pavlidis N, Ioannidis JP. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(3): 188-94. [DOI:10.1093/jnci/dji021]
34. von Minckwitz G, Eidtmann H, Rezai M, Fasching PA, Tesch H, Eggemann H, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and bevacizumab for HER2-negative breast cancer. The New England journal of medicine. 2012; 366(4): 299-309. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1111065]
35. Abdulkareem IH, Zurmi IB. Review of hormonal treatment of breast cancer. Niger J Clin Pract. 2012; 15(1): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.94088 [DOI:10.4103/1119-3077.94088.]
36. Kim EG, Kim KM. Strategies and Advancement in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Optimization for Targeted Cancer Therapeutics. Biomolecules & therapeutics. 2015; 23(6): 493-509. [DOI:10.4062/biomolther.2015.116]
37. Finn RS, Crown JP, Lang I, Boer K, Bondarenko IM, Kulyk SO, et al. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study. The Lancet Oncology. 2015; 16(1): 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71159-3 [DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71159-3.]
38. Baselga J, Semiglazov V, van Dam P, Manikhas A, Bellet M, Mayordomo J, et al. Phase II randomized study of neoadjuvant everolimus plus letrozole compared with placebo plus letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(16): 2630-7. [DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8391]
39. Bachelot T, Bourgier C, Cropet C, Ray-Coquard I, Ferrero JM, Freyer G, et al. Randomized phase II trial of everolimus in combination with tamoxifen in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer with prior exposure to aromatase inhibitors: a GINECO study. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(22): 2718-24. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.0708 [DOI:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.0708.]
40. Olayioye MA, Neve RM, Lane HA, Hynes NE. The ErbB signaling network: receptor heterodimerization in development and cancer. The EMBO journal. 2000; 19(13): 3159-67. [DOI:10.1093/emboj/19.13.3159]
41. Schechter AL, Stern DF, Vaidyanathan L, Decker SJ, Drebin JA, Greene MI, et al. The neu oncogene: an erb-B-related gene encoding a 185,000-Mr tumour antigen. Nature. 1984; 312(5994): 513-6. [DOI:10.1038/312513a0]
42. Moasser MM. The oncogene HER2: its signaling and transforming functions and its role in human cancer pathogenesis. Oncogene. 2007; 26(45): 6469-87. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210477 [DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1210477.]
43. Rimawi MF, Schiff R, Osborne CK. Targeting HER2 for the treatment of breast cancer. Annual review of medicine. 2015; 66:111-28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042513-015127 [DOI:10.1146/annurev-med-042513-015127.]
44. Pietras RJ, Pegram MD, Finn RS, Maneval DA, Slamon DJ. Remission of human breast cancer xenografts on therapy with humanized monoclonal antibody to HER-2 receptor and DNA-reactive drugs. Oncogene. 1998; 17(17): 2235-49. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1202132 [DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202132.]
45. Pegram M, Hsu S, Lewis G, Pietras R, Beryt M, Sliwkowski M, et al. Inhibitory effects of combinations of HER-2/neu antibody and chemotherapeutic agents used for treatment of human breast cancers. Oncogene. 1999; 18(13): 2241-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1202526 [DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202526.]
46. Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Franco S, Forster J, Stein S, Rubin S, et al. A phase II study of lapatinib monotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory HER2-positive and HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008; 19(6): 1068- https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm601 [DOI:10.1093/annonc/mdm601.]
47. Carter P, Presta L, Gorman CM, Ridgway JB, Henner D, Wong WL, et al. Humanization of an anti-p185HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1992; 89(10): 4285-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.10.4285 [DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.10.4285.]
48. Cobleigh MA, Vogel CL, Tripathy D, Robert NJ, Scholl S, Fehrenbacher L, et al. Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17(9): 2639-48. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2639 [DOI:10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2639.]
49. Fendly BM, Winget M, Hudziak RM, Lipari MT, Napier MA, Ullrich A. Characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive to either the human epidermal growth factor receptor or HER2/neu gene product. Cancer research. 1990; 50(5): 1550-8.
50. Harari D, Yarden Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying ErbB2/HER2 action in breast cancer. Oncogene. 2000; 19(53): 6102-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203973 [DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1203973.]
51. Ghosh R, Narasanna A, Wang SE, Liu S, Chakrabarty A, Balko JM, et al. Trastuzumab has preferential activity against breast cancers driven by HER2 homodimers. Cancer research. 2011; 71(5): 1871-82. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1872 [DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1872.]
52. Bates M, Sperinde J, Kostler WJ, Ali SM, Leitzel K, Fuchs EM, et al. Identification of a subpopulation of metastatic breast cancer patients with very high HER2 expression levels and possible resistance to trastuzumab. Ann Oncol. 2011; 22(9): 2014-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq706 [DOI:10.1093/annonc/mdq706.]
53. Pohlmann PR, Mayer IA, Mernaugh R. Resistance to Trastuzumab in Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15(24): 7479-91. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0636 [DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0636.]
54. Reslan L, Dalle S, Dumontet C. Understanding and circumventing resistance to anticancer monoclonal antibodies. MAbs. 2009; 1(3): 222-9. https://doi.org/10.4161/mabs.1.3.8292 [DOI:10.4161/mabs.1.3.8292.]
55. Logue JS, Morrison DK. Complexity in the signaling network: insights from the use of targeted inhibitors in cancer therapy. Genes & development. 2012; 26(7): 641-50. [DOI:10.1101/gad.186965.112]
56. Gebleux R, Casi G. Antibody-drug conjugates: Current status and future perspectives. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2016; 167: 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.012 [DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.012.]
57. Cortes J, Fumoleau P, Bianchi GV, Petrella TM, Gelmon K, Pivot X, et al. Pertuzumab monotherapy after trastuzumab-based treatment and subsequent reintroduction of trastuzumab: activity and tolerability in patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Journal of clinical oncology. 2012; 30(14): 1594-600. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4207 [DOI:10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4207.]
58. Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Lotfinia M, Razavi-Vakhshourpour S, Jahandideh S, Najminejad H, Sineh Sepehr K, et al. Evaluation of Factors Influencing Antibody Reduction for Development of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Iranian biomedical journal. 2017; 21(4): 270-4. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.4.270]
59. Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M H-AM, Balalaie S, Golmohammadi F, Lotfinia M, Abolhassani M. A new and simple non-chromatographic method for isolation of drug/linker constructs: vc-MMAE evaluation. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017; 6(4): 153-9.
60. Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Amanzadeh A, Heidarnejad F, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Lotfinia M, Razavi-vakhshourpour S, et al. Monomethyl Auristatin E, a Potent Cytotoxic Payload for Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates against Breast Cancer. Novel Biomed. 2017; 5(3): 98-103.
61. Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Hashemi Karouei SM, Lotfinia M, Amanzadeh A, Habibi-Anbouhi M. A developed antibody-drug conjugate rituximab-vcMMAE shows a potent cytotoxic activity against CD20-positive cell line. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018; 9: 1-8. [DOI:10.1080/21691401.2018.1449119]
62. Zhang X, Munster PN. New protein kinase inhibitors in breast cancer: afatinib and neratinib. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2014; 15(9): 1277-88. [DOI:10.1517/14656566.2014.913570]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2007 All Rights Reserved | Medical Laboratory Journal

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.